1. A Computer is a general purpose device that can be
programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or
logical operations automatically. Since a sequence
of operations can be readily changed, the computer
can solve more than one kind of problem.
2. A general purpose computer has four main
components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the
control unit, the memory, and the input and output
devices (collectively termed I/O).
3. The data that is fed into a computer processor
received into the computer by a keyboard or other
sources is called Input.
4. A computer is an electronic device that accepts data
from the user (input), processes the data by
performing calculations and operations on it and
generates the desired Output.
5. The device which is used with a computer to display
or store data is called Peripherals.
6. The mechanical, magnetic, electronic and electrical
components that comprises a computer system
such as the Central Processing Unit (CPU), monitor,
keyboard, etc. is known as Hardware.
7. A set of instructions that tells the computer about
the tasks to be performed and how these tasks are
to performed, is known as Software.
8. An unprocessed collection or representation of raw
facts represented in a manner suitable for
communication, interpretation or processing by
humans or by automatic means, is known as Data.
9. The result of processing, manipulating and
organising data in a way that adds to the knowledge
of the person receiving it, is known as Information.
10. The smallest unit of information, a computer can
understand and process, is known as Bit.
11. The primary goal of computer is to process
information that it receives and output the results.
The process of control and alter information is
known as Processing.
12. The number system computer used to store data and
perform calculation - Binary Number System
.
13. Computer Speed, Accuracy, Diligence, Storage
Capability, Automation, Remembrance Power and
Versatility are the main Characteristics of
Computer.
14. Self Intelligence, Decision-Making power, Learning
power, Self care, Feelings are the Limitations of
Computer.
15. A mainframe computer is a much larger computer
that typically fills a room and may cost many
hundreds or thousands of times as much as a
personal computer. They are designed to perform
large numbers of calculations for governments and
large enterprises.
16. Read-only memory (ROM) is a storage medium
used in computers and other electronic devices. Data
stored in ROM can only be modified slowly or with
difficulty, or not at all.
17. ROM is non-volatile and the contents are retained
even after the power is switched off.
18. It only allows reading.
19. The types of ROM include PROM, EPROM and
EEPROM.
20. Random Access Memory (RAM),allows the
computer to store data for immediate for immediate
manipulation and to keep track of what is currently
being processed.
21. RAM is referred to as volatile memory and is lost
when the power is turned off. It allows reading and writing.
The two main types of RAM are static RAM and
dynamic RAM.
22. SRAM retains data as long as power is provided to
the memory chip and need not be refreshed
periodically. SRAM stands for Static Random Access
Memory.
23. The data on DRAM continues to move in and out of
the memory as long as power is available and must
be continually refreshed to maintain the data. DRAM
stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory.
24.Primary memory is computer memory that a
processor or computer accesses first or directly.
For example: RAM, and Cache Memory.
24. Secondary memory (or secondary storage) is the
slowest and cheapest form of memory. It cannot be
processed directly by the CPU.
Secondary memory devices include magnetic disks
like hard drives and floppy disks, optical disks such
as CDs and CDROMs, and magnetic tapes, which were
the first forms of secondary memory.
26. Virtual memory is memory on the hard disk that
the CPU uses as an extended RAM.
27. Installation is the process of copying software
programs from secondary storage media to the hard
disk.
28. A central computer that holds collections of data and
programs for many PCs, workstations and other
computers is a Server
29. An Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a digital circuit
that performs integer arithmetic and logical
operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block
of the central processing unit of a computer.
30. Control Unit is responsible for controlling the
overall operations of computer. It coordinates the
sequence of execution of instructions and controls
the overall functioning of the computer.
31. The first computer architecture was introduced by
John Von Neumann (1970)
32. Personal computers use a number of chips mounted
on a main circuit board called Motherboard.
33. The CPU is fabricated as a single Integrated Circuit
(IC) chip. It is also known as the Microprocessor.
34. Multiprocessing is the use of two or more central
processing units (CPUs) within a single computer
system. The term also refers to the ability of a system
to support more than one processor and/or the
ability to allocate tasks between them.
32. The organization and interconnection of the various
components of a computer system is known as
Computer Architecture.
A CPU can directly understand the Machine
Language.
An input device is any peripheral (piece of
computer hardware equipment) used to provide
data and control signals to a computer. They are the
devices that feed data into a computer.
Examples of input devices include keyboards, mouse,
scanners, digital cameras and joysticks.
The keys include the letter keys (0, 1, 2, ..., 9; A, B, Z),
which are generally laid out in the same style as in
typewriters are known as Alphanumeric Keys.
'Caps lock' and 'Num lock' keys are called as Toggle
Keys because when pressed, they change their status
from one state to another.
Numeric Keypad is a keypad located on the right
hand side of the keyboard. It consists of digits and
mathematical operators.
A Modifier key is a special key (or combination) on
a computer keyboard that temporarily modifies the
normal action of another key when pressed together.
By themselves, modifier keys usually do nothing;
that is, pressing any of the Shift, Alt, or Ctrl keys
alone does not (generally) trigger any action from
the computer.
A Mouse is the most popular input device which is
used today for interactive processing and for the one
line entry of data for batch processing.
Drag and Drop refers to the action of clicking and
holding down the mouse button, while moving the
mouse and then releasing the mouse button.
The first computer mouse was invented by Douglas
Engelbart.
Joystick is the device that moves in all directions
and controls the movement of a pointer.
A Touch Screen is a type of display screen device
that is placed on the computer monitor to allow
direct selection or activation of the computer when
the user touches the screen.
Light Pen is the pen shaped device, which can sense
light and is used to point at spots on a video screen.
A technology enables a high-speed reading of large
quantities of data and transferring these data to the
computer without using a keyboard. It is referred as
Optical Mark Reader (OMR).
It uses a beam of light that is reflected on the paper
with marks, to capture presence and absence of
marks.
MICR reads the characters by examining their shapes
in a matrix form and the information is then passed`on to the computer. MICR stands for Magnetic Ink
Character Reader.
It provides a high level of security and is therefore
used by the banking industry for faster processing of
the cheques
It is a machine readable code, which is represented
by parallel vertical lines with varying widths. For
reading these bar-coded data, a device is used, which
is known as a Bar Code Reader (BCR)
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is used to
scan the document containing text.
It is the mechanical or electronic conversion of
scanned or photographed images of typewritten or
printed text into machine-encoded/computerreadable
text.
A keyboard is a typewriter-style device, which uses
an arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as
mechanical levers or electronic switches.
Most of the commonly available personal computers
have a keyboard, popularly known as Qwerty.
The keys labeled Fl to F12 on the keyboard are called
Function Keys.
An output device is any piece of computer hardware
equipment used to communicate the results of data
processing carried out by an information processing
system (such as a computer) which converts the
electronically generated information into humanreadable
form
The printed form of output is referred as Hard Copy.
The form of output displayed on the screen is
referred as Soft Copy.
The device that prints information from the
computer onto the paper is Printer.
Pages Per Minute (PPM) is the unit used to count
the speed of the printer.
On the basis of technology, printers are categorized
into Impact and Non- Impact Printers.
Impact printers create an image by using some
mechanism to physically press an inked ribbon
against the page, causing the ink to be deposited on
the page in the shape desired.
Examples of Impact Printers are Character
Printers and Dot Matrix Printers.
Non – Impact Printers do not touch the paper when
creating an image.
Examples of Non - Impact Printers are Inkjet
printers, Laser printers, Solid ink printers, Dyesublimation,
Thermal wax printers, Thermal auto
chrome printers.
A pen based output device, attached to a computer
for making vector graphics, that is, images created by
a series of many straight lines is known as Plotters.
The number of pixels displayed on a screen is known
as Resolution.
A Monitor is a TV-like display attached to the
computer on which the output can be displayed and
viewed. It can either be a monochrome display or a
colour display.
The set of instructions, which control the sequence
of operations, are known as Program. Itis a
sequence of instructions, written to perform a
specified task with a computer.
A Software instructs the computer what to do and
how to do it. It is a set of instructions that tells the
computer about the tasks to be performed and how
these tasks are to performed.
One or more defects or problems that prevent the
software from working as intended of working at all
are called Bug.
Software that contributes to the control and
performance of the computer system and permits
the user to use the system more conveniently is
termed as System Software.
Antivirus Software is used to scan the hard disk to
remove the virus from them.
The assembly language program is translated into
machine code by a separate program known as an
Assembler.
A Backup, or the process of backing up, refers to the
copying and archiving of computer data so it may be
used to restore the original after a data loss event. It
contains a copy of every program data and system
file on a computer.
An Operating System controls the way in which the
computer system functions and provides a means by
which users can interact with the computer.
Loading of the Operating System is known as
Booting. Restarting a computerthat is already on, is
referred to as Warm Booting.
An Integrated Software is a single application that
combines major features of several types of
application.
An Application Software is the program that makes
the computer useful to the users.
Computer hardware is the collection of physical
elements that constitutes a computer system.
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or
components of a computer such as the monitor,
mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive
disk (HDD), system unit (graphic cards, sound cards,
memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of which
are physical objects that can be touched.
The motherboard is the main component of
computer. It is a large rectangular board with
integrated circuitry that connects the other parts of
the computer including the CPU, the RAM, the disk
drives(CD, DVD, hard disk, or any others) as well as
any peripherals connected via the ports or the
expansion slots.
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