Banking Current Affairs Magazine September

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It is the best banking magazine available. Try it for once. Every minute details have been included. Not a single news has been skipped.It is far better than the costly magazines available in town. Section wise topics have been covered with reading friendly language. It is not hectic like other books in this series. Keeping you miles away  from boredom while remembering GK is the USP of this.

Why GST ?

Goods and Services Tax will come into the category of indirect taxes. GST is VAT which it will be applied to both goods and services. VAT is currently only applies to objects. After GST sales tax, service tax, excise duty, VAT tax will be removed the entire spectrum. The entire country will be turned into an integrated market.

Central Excise Duty

Additional duty
Special Additional Duty of Customs
Medicinal and Toilet preparation (excise) duty under the 1955 Act
service tax
Additional customs duty
Central surcharge and cess

State tax -

Value Added Tax (VAT) / Sales Tax
Lotrij, betting and tax Gambiling
Entertainment Tax
Central Sales Tax
Oktroy and entry tax
Purchase Tax
Luxury tax
State cess and surcharge

Under the GST tax rate to be fixed to the country has not been fixed yet. Congress demands that this rate should be fixed at 18 percent. This will reduce tax evasion and increase tax collection. It also is believed that after the GST tax structure will be transparent
If you assume the government decides on 18 per cent GST rate will benefit you, because both VAT and Excise will be deleted and you have to pay 18 per cent GST, then most things will be cheaper. Currently you leave certain things up 12.5 percent on other things pay excise duty and VAT at the rate of pay according to their state. This means that roughly 25 to 26 per cent tax you pay. Brbar The GST tax will be reduced and on arrival you will be goods cheaper.
You currently pay 14.5 per cent on services. Such as 1000's mobile bill pay service tax at Rs 145. GST will be 18 per cent after it means that you will have to pay Rs 180 instead of 145. In fact, the food in the restaurants, air tickets, insurance premium etc, all services will be expensive.
GST, states are not unanimous. There are many differences. In many people's minds is the dilemma that if the tax is imposed, it will happen slab. Who will take the decision on the tax. But some people believe that all states would have a tax rate burden on the people, because all the rights applicable GST will be near the center.

The biggest problem in the House to pass the bill for what is to get the support of Congress. Congress demanded that Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Gujarat states spent a cent extra tax to be discontinued. The government is expected to grant the demand, but Jayalalithaa's AIADMK is against removing it.

Congress demands that the GST rate of 18 per cent stipulated in the law that the government wants to retain the right to determine the rate.
 -GST Council Chairman Finance Minister
- Union Minister of State for Finance of the other members
- Vice Chairman of the Finance Minister of a state
- Member state finance minister

In the Budget for 2006-07, Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee had said that GST will be implemented on 1 April 2010, but it was not to be. Now if it were implemented probably Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers on GST Moder and implementation will be the responsibility.
- Were first introduced in 2011 by Bill states a universal indirect tax system was not to provide compensation for losses. The current legislation provides for compensation to states for five years has been.

- The revised bill is the provision of an additional one per cent for five years. This will give additional compensation to the state where an object is about to Utmadn. There was in the original Vidhyk.
- The original bill the GST Council headed by the Finance Minister for the quorum proportion was one-third. Half the members of this ratio has been increased to the revised bill.

- The revised bill concerning voting at the meeting of the Council stated that the support of one-quarter of the members may also decide, while the original bill had a provision for a consensus decision.
- Basic 115 of the Constitution Amendment Bill was listed as the modified 122 of the Constitution Amendment Bill has been listed as.
- To settle the dispute in the original bill, a retired judge of the Supreme Court or any other court to appoint a committee headed by the Chief Justice was provided for. This provision has been deleted in the revised bill and dispute resolution work has been handed over to the Council.

29th August GK update

1. Sports Day celebrated on the Birthday of Dhyan Chand.

2. P.V. Sindhu, Dipa Karmakar, Jitu Rai and Sakshi Malik got Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna.

3. Qatar based Doha Bank opened its branch in Kerala.

4. Maharshtra Assembly passed Goods and Service Tax bill.

5. UJALA scheme launched in Jammu & Kashmir by Mehbooba.

6. IIT Dharwad inaugurated by HRD minister Prakash Javedkar.

7. Belgian Grand Prix was won by Nico Rosberg.

8. TATA Sons has appointed Amit Chandra as non-executive Director.

9. Telgu Book Store was inaugurated by Amazon.in

10. Abhijit Bahaduri quits as Wipro's chief learning officer

The Hindu Daily 30 aug

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Puzzle

Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given below: Eight members A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H belonging to three families X, 11, Z go for weekend outing in three different cars I, II, III. Four out of the eight members are females. Members of any one family travel in different cars. Each car has at least one male and one female member. Each family has at least two 1 members. A belongs to family Y and he travels in car III. D is wife of E and they travel ill cars I and II respectively. H is son of B, who is wife of G, and they belong to family Z. C is daughter of F, who is wife of A. C travels in car IL G does not travel with F.

 Questions:
a. Which of the following groups of persons travels in car I?
 1) D, G   2) A,C   3) D, G, H  4) D

b. which car has only two members travelling in it?
 1) I   2) II   3)III II or III   4) Cannot be determined

c. Which of the following members of families Y and Z travel in different
cars?
1) A  2) B  3) A or B,C   4) none of  these

Gk update 27 August

1. Corporation Bank has appointed Gopal Murli Bhagat as executive director.

2. GST bill was passed in Nagaland, it became 8th state to do so.

3. World Risk Report 2016 ranking
   INDIA  - 77
   PAKISTAN - 72
   BANGLADESH - 5

4.Indian Super League to begin from October 1.

5. 19th SAARC submit to be hosted by Pakistan on 9th and 10th of November.

6. Bengluru is going to host Pravasi Bhartiya Divas this year.

7. US postal service will honour Hindus  with a Diwali stamp.

8. Incentive Payments are to be digitalized as per Finance Ministry norms.

9. Next ambassador from India to Qatar will be P Kumaran.

10. Book Fair started in Delhi today.
  

The Hindu Daily 27.08.2016

The Hindu Daily 27.08.2016 >Click Here..

26th August Gk update

1. Self Help Groups of rular areas to get loans at 7% as per RBI guidelines.

2. Rs 10 lac insurance cover to be given to rail passengers at a mere premium of 92 paise

3. Maharashtra Government decided to tie up with corporates for transforming 1000 villages.

4. Delhi will witness the first  BRICS film festival from 2nd September to 6th.

5. Srk, Akshay kumar, Salman and BigB featured in Forbes list of top 20 paid actors.

6. Goldman Sachs said that Indian economy will grow at the rate of 7.9 % this year.

7. NRAI Review committee to be headed by former Olympic gold medalist Abhinav Bindra

8. Lenovo's SMB business appoints Pankaj Harjai as its head.

9. Central Tool Room And Training Center, Bhubaneswar signs agreement with ISRO.

10. FARC Rebels and Colombia reaches pact to end the Half century Going war.

11. To promote renewable energy BCCI and TERI sings a pact.

12. Sathessh Reddy conferred first IEI-IEEE award

13. Sindu remains at 10th spot while Saina drops at 10th  spot in badminton rankings.

The Hindu Daily 26 aug 16

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INDIAN HISTORY - MEDIVAL INDIA

INDIAN HISTORY - MEDIVAL INDIA

Arab Conquest of Sindh
 During the Khaliphate of Omar, Arab forces made
fertile attempts to get Bombay
 Arabs captured Sindh in 712 AD.
 The Arab conquest of Sindh was led by
Muhammed Bin Kassim.
 Muhammed Bin Khasim was the nephew of Al-
Hajaj, the governor of the Arab province of Basra.
 Dahir, a Brahmin was the ruler of Punjab at that
time. He was killed by Kassim.
 The Arabs lost control over Sindh in 779 AD.
 Arab conquest of Sindh resulted in the spread of
Islam to North India.
 But Islam was first introduced in India by Malik
Ibn Dinar in Kerala in 644 AD.
Turkish Invasions
 Ghazni in Afghanistan was ruled by a Turkish
family called Gamini of Ghaznavid dynasty.
 Muhammed Ghazni was the first Turkish conqueror
of North India.
 Muhammad Ghazni’s father was Subu ktigin.
 He attacked India only for want of wealth.
 He attacked India seventeen times between 1000
and 1027 AD. He made all the raids in the guise of
Jihad.
 First Invasion was in 1001 AD.
 He defeated Jaipal and Anandpal of Shahi dynasty
in 1001 and 1009 respectively.
 The most important raid of Muhammed was the
Somanath expedition. It was in 1025. He completely
distroyed the temple. Somanath Temple was on
the sea coast of Gujarat.
 Muhammed Ghazni died in 30th April 1030.
 Later his son Masud attacked India and caputred
Kashmir.
 The famous Persian poet Firdausi who wrote
‘Shahnama’ (The Book of Kings) lived in his
court.
 Alberuni, an Arab Historian, who wrote Tarikhul-
Hind (Reality of Hindustan), accompanied
Muhammed Ghazni to India.
 Al-Firdausi is known as ‘Indian Homer’, ‘Persian
Homer’, or ‘The Immortal Homer of the
East’.
 Muhammed of Ghore attacked India betwen 1175
and 1206 AD.
 Muhammed Ghori made his first expedition to India
and captured multan in 1175 AD.
 In the First Battle Tarain in 1191 (near Taneswar)
Muhammed Ghori was defeated by the Rajput
forces under Prithviraj Chauhan III.
 In the Second Battle of Tarain (1192 AD)
Muhammed Ghori assisted by Qutub -ud-din
Aibek a slave, defeated Prithviraj Chauhan III and
killed him.
 In 1193 Muhamed Ghori attacked Jaichand, father
in law of Prithviraj . III at Kanauj, Jaichand
was defeated.
 Muhammed Ghori returned from India by intrusting
his territories in India in the hands of Qutub-
Uddin Aibak.
 After the death of Ghori in 1206 Aibek founded
the Slave Dynasty.
 Muhammed Ghoris Indian invasion resulted in
the foundation of Islamic rule in India.
Delhi Sultanate
 The five dynasties which founded subsequently
after the Turkish invasion were collectively known
as Delhi sulthanate. They are:
Slave Dynasty ..................... 1206 - 1290
Khilji Dynasty .................... 1290 - 1320
Tughlaq Dynasty ................. 1320 - 1412
Sayyid Dynasty ................... 1414 - 1451
Lodi Dynasty....................... 1451 - 1526
Slave Dynasty (1206 - 1290)
 Slave Dynasty was also called Ilbari Dynasty,
Yamini Dynasty or Mamluk Dynasty.
 Qutub-ud-din Aibak was a slave of Muhammed
Ghori and he founded the Slave Dynasty in 1206
AD.
 Aibak was the first Muslim ruler of India.
 The capital of Qutub-ud-din Aibak was at Lahore
Important Court Scholars
Kalidasa .......... Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya)
Banabhatta ............................ Harshavardhana
Alberuni ............................ Muhammed Ghazni
Firdausi ............................. Muhammad Ghazni
Amir Khusru ........................... Alauddin Khilji
Todarmal ...............................................Akbar
Tansen ..................................................Akbar
Birbal ....................................................Akbar
Mansingh .............................................Akbar
Abul Fazal .............................................Akbar
Ashva Ghosha ................................. Kanishka
Amara Simha ......................... Chandragupta II
Chand Bardai ...................... Prithviraj Chauhan
Revikirti ....................................... Pulikeshin II
Dhanwantari .......................... Chandragupta II
Harisen ................................... Samudra Gupta
Tenali Rama ........................ Krishnadeva Raya
 He was known as ‘Lakh Baksh’ or ‘giver of lakhs’
or ‘giver of favours’ for his magnanimity.
 Hasan Nizami was a famous historian in the court
of the Aibak.
 Qutub-ud-din Aibak started the construction of
Qutub Minar in 1199 in Delhi in memory of the
Sufi saint Quaja Qutub - ud-din Bhaktiar Kaki.
Its construction was completed by Ithumish. It is
a five storied building.
 Qutub-ud-din Aibak died 1210 by falling from
horseback while playing Polo.
 After the death of Qutubuddin, Aram Shah ascended
the throne but he was
deposed by Ilthumish and
crowned himself the Sulthan.
 During the period of Ilthumish
(1210-1236) Chengizkhan, the
Mongole conqueror attacked
India (1221). Chengizkhan
 Ilthumish is considered as the real founder of
Delhi Sulthanate.
 Ilthumish is considered as the real founder of
Delhi Sulthanate
 Ilthumish was the first Sulthan of Delhi to get
recognition of the Khalif of Bagdad.
 Ilthumish was also the first Sulthan to make Delhi
his capital.
 He issued a purely Arabic coinage of Silver and
was the first to do so.
 Coins introdued by Ilthumish, ‘Silver Thanka’
and ‘Copper Jital’ were the two basic coins of
the Sulthanate period.
 He organised the ‘Chalisa’ or the famous Turkish
forty to help him in the administration.
 Iltumish completed the construction of Qutub
Minar.
 The revenue system of the Sulthanate ‘Iqta system’,
was introduced by Ilthumish.
 Ilthumish was succeeded by his son Ruknuddin
Firoz Shah. But he was later executed and Razia
became the sulthan (daughter of Ilthumish)
 Sulthana Raziya, the only women ruler of, the
Sultanate came to power in 1236 and reigned till
1240.
 Sulthana Raizya rejected the Pardah, she adorned
the male dress and held open courts.
 In October 14, 1240 both Razia and Altunia who
earlier raised arms against Razia but later joined
with her were, beheaded at Kaithal.
 After Raizya Behran Shah (1240 - 42) Allaud-din-
Masudshah (1242 - 46) and Naziruddin
Muhammad (1246 - 1266) ruled and Balban, the
founder of the second Ilban dynasty, became the
Sulthan.
 Ghiasuddin Balban ‘a slave water carreer, huntsman,
noble, statesman became the Sulthan of Delhi
in 1266 and continued in power till 1686 AD.
 Balban is considered as the founder of Second
Ilbary Dynasty.
 Balban described himself as ‘shadow of God’ or
the ‘viceregent of God on Earth’ (Zil-i-illahi)
 Balban because of his autocratic rule is considered
as a ‘typical oriental despot’.
 The Chalisa or forty established by Ilthumish was
abolished by Balban.
 His policies are considered to be ‘Draconian’.
 He started the Iranian system of Sajda and Piabos.
 He was a patron of men of letters and showed
special favour to the poet Amir Khusrau.
 After Balban’s death in 1286, Kayqubad (1287 -90)
became the Sulthan.
 Madhavacharya of the Dwaita Philosophy got help
from Balban.
 Balban’s Tomb is situated in Delhi. It was constructed
by Balban himself.
 Kayqubad was the last Slave Sulthan. (Kayumars
who ruled for a term of three months was actually
the last Slave Sulthan. He was killed by Jalaluddin
Khilji) and founded the Khilji Dynasty.
Khilji Dynasty (1290 -1320)
 Khilji dynasty was founded by Malik Firoz in
1290 and assumed the title Jalaluddin Khilji (1290-
96)
 In 1292 the Mongols under Abdulla accepted defeat
from Jalaluddin Khilji.
 Alauddin Khilji, the nephew
of Jalaluddin Khilji, killed him
after his victory on Devagiri
in 1296.
 Alauddin Khilji’s early name
was Ali Gurushap.
 He became the Sulthan in
1296 AD and ruled till 1316
AD.
 In 1303 Alauddin Khilji attacked Chittor, the capital
of Mewar, to marry Padmini the wife of Chittor
king Ratna Singh.
 But Padmini and other Rajput women committed
Juhar (Juhar is a mass suicide by Jumping into
fire, committed by Rajput women to escape from
being polluted by others)
 Padmavat is a historical kavya about Padmini episode
written by Malik Muhammed Jayasi.
 Malik Muhammed Jayasi was the court poet of
Shersha Suri.
 Alauddin Khilji was the first Muslim ruler to at-
Alauddin Khilji
tack South India.
 Malik Kafur was Alauddin Khilji’s Commander
who attacked South India.
 Alauddin Khilji was the most famous ruler of the
Khilji Dynasty.
 Alauddin was the Sulthan of Delhi who banned
the use of liquor.
 Alauddin had a dream of a World Conquest so he
assumed the title ‘Sikhandar-i-sani’ or Second
Alexander.
 Demitrius a Bactrian ruler is popularly known as
Second Alexander.
 Alauddin abolished the Zamindari System and
imposed tax on cattle.
 He was the first muslim ruler of Delhi to introduce
measurement of land for tax assessment.
 His market regulations were to get goods at controlled
price to the people of Delhi.
 Alauddin Khilji was the first Sulthan of Delhi who
separated religion from politics.
 He was also the first to proclaim ‘‘I am the
Khalifa’’.
 Alauddin constructed Alai Darwaza the gate way
of Qutub Minar.
 He built the city of Siri, the second of the seven
cities of Delhi, near Qutub Minar.
 The first marriage between a muslim ruler and a
Hindu princess was between Alauddin and Kamala
Devi, the widow of the ruler of Gujarat.
 Alauddin Khilji was killed by his commander
Malik Kafur by poisoning.
 Amir Khusru was the court poet of Alauddin
 Amir Khusru is known as the ‘Parrot of India’
 He is considered as the father of Urdu language
and the inventor of Sitar.
 Laila Majnu and Tughlaq Nama are the famous
works of Amir Khusru.
 Alauddin khilji was the first Sulthan to maintain a
permanent standing army.
 Alauddin Khilji was responsible for the introduction
of postal system in medieval India.
 Mubarak shah khilji was the last ruler of the
khilji Dynasty.
IMPORTANT DYNASTIES
IN INDIAN HISTOY
MAURYAN EMPIRE.............. 322 BC - 185 BC
Chandragupta Maurya ........... BC 322 - 297 BC
Bindusara .............................. 297 BC - 274 BC
Ashoka ................................. 274 BC - 237 BC
KUSHANA EMPIRE .............. 20 AD - 225 AD
Kanishka ............................... 78 AD - 120 AD
Gupta Empire ........................320 AD - 606 AD
Chandragupta I ....................320 AD - 330 AD
Samudra Gupta .....................330 AD - 380 AD
Chandra Gupta II ..................380 AD - 413 AD
VARDHANA DYNASTY ......580 AD - 647 AD
Harsha Vardhana ..................606 AD - 647 AD
SLAVE DYNASTY ........... 1206 AD - 1290 AD
Qutubuddin Aibak .................. 1206 - 1210 AD
Ilthumish ................................ 1210 - 1236 AD
Raziya Sulthana ...................... 1236 - 1240 AD
Balban .................................... 1266 - 1286 AD
KHILJI DYNASTY ................ 1290 - 1320 AD
Alauddin Khilji ....................... 1296 - 1316 AD
TUGHLAQ DYNASTY .......... 1320 - 1412 AD
Muhammed Bin Tughlaq......... 1325 - 1351 AD
LODHI DYNASTY ................ 1451 - 1526 AD
Ibrahim Lodi ............................ 1517 -1526 AD
MUGHAL EMPIRE ...... 1526 - 1540, 1555-1857
Babar ..................................... 1526 - 1530 AD
Humayun .................1530-1540, 1555-1556 AD
Akbar ..................................... 1556 - 1605 AD
Jahangir ................................. 1605 - 1627 AD
Shahjahan ................................ 1628-1658 AD
Aurangazeb............................ 1658 - 1707 AD
Bahadurshah II ....................... 1837 - 1857 AD
 Khilji dynasty came to an end when the Mubarak
shah Khilji was killed by Khusrau Khan.
 Some historians consider Khusrau Khan as the
last Khilji Sulthan.
Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 - 1412)
 Tughlaq Dynasty was founded by Ghiazuddin
Tughlaq. His real name was Ghazi Malik.
 Ghiasuddin Tughlaq founded the dynasty after
killing Khuzru Khan in 1320.
 Ghiazuddin died by the collapse of a pavilion.
 He built the Tughlaqabad Fort in Delhi the third
city of Delhi to the east of Qutub complex.
 Ghiassudhin Tughlaq was the first Sulthan to start
irrigation works.
 GhiassuddinTughlaq was succeeded by his son
Jauna Khan, popularly known as Muhammed Bin
Tughlaq.
 Muhammed Bin Tughlaq is considered as the
single most responsible person for the decline of
Delhi Sulthanate.
 Muhammed Bin Tughlaq was known as a mixture
of opposites, wisest fool, Pagal padushah,
unfortunate idealogue and the predecessor of
Akbar in intellectual and religious matters.
 Ibn Batuta called him ‘‘an illstared idealist’’.
 He shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri
(Daulatabad) in 1327.
 In 1330 he introduced token currency of bronze
and copper.
 Moroccan Traveller Ibn Batuta visited India during
his period.
 Edward Thanas described him as ‘prince of
moneyers’.
 Muhammed Bin Tughlaq was succeeded by his
elderly cousin, Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
 Firoz Shah Tughlaq was the first Sulthan of Delhi
to impose Jaziya. It was a religious tax for the
freedom of worship. He imposed it only upon Brahmins.
 He built the city of Firozbad in Delhi. The Firoz
shah Kotla was also built by him. The gate way of
Firozshah Kottla is Khooni Darwaza, or blood
stained gate. It was constructed by Shersha Suri.
 He transplanted two Ashokan Pillars to Firozabad.
 He is the author of Fatuhat -i- Firozshahi
 After Firozshah Tughlaq Muhammed Shah
Tughlaq or Naziruddin Muhammed came to the
throne.
 It was during the period of his reign that Timur
the Lame or Tamerlain a Turkish conqueror of
Tartar tribe from Samarkhand attacked India in
1398.
 Timur appointed Khizr Khan, the governor of
Multan his authority in India.
Sayyid Dynasty (1414 - 1451)
 Sayyid Dynasty was founded by Khizr Khan in
1414.
 Last Sayyid Sulthan was Alauddin Alamshah or
Shah Alam I. He was killed by Bahalol Lodhi in
1451.
Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526)
 Lodhi dynasty was founded by Bahlol Lodhi in
1451. The dynasty lasted upto 1526.
 Lodhi dynasty was the first Afghan dynasty or
first Pathan dynasty in India.
 Sikhandar Lodhi, who ruled from 1489 to 1517
shifted the capital from Delhi to Agra.
 Sikhandar Lodhi is considered as the Maker of
Agra City.
 Last Lodhi Sulthan or last Delhi Sulthan was
Ibrahim Lodhi. Rana Sangram Singh of Mewar
defeated him. His brother Daulat Khan Lodhi invited
Babar to India to defeat Ibrahim Lodhi in
1524.
 Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the First Battle
of Panipat in 1526 April 21.
 The title Sulthan was started by the Turkish rulers.
Muhammed Ghazni was the first to assume
the title Sulthan.
 The official language of the Delhi Sulthanate was
Persian.
Bahmani and Vijayanagara Kingdoms
 The decline of the Sulthanate of Delhi gave birth
to two mighty states in South India the Bahmani
Kingdom of Gulbaraga and the Vijayanagara Empire.
 The Bahmanis were Muslim rulers, while the rulers
of the Vijayanagar were Hindus.
 The Bahmani kingdom was founded by Zafar
Khan (Hassan) who took the title of Alauddin
Bahman Shah. He selected Gulbaraga as its capital
and renamed it Ahsanabad.
 There were total eighteen Sulthans and they ruled
from 1347 to 1527.
 Muhammed Gawan was the famous minister of
Bahmini kingdom.
 The last prince of the Bahmani Kingdom was
Kalimullah.
 By 1527, the Bahmani kingdom was split up into
five independent principalities.
 The Adil Shahis of Bijapur -founder - Yusuf
Adilshah (1489 - 90)
 The Nizam Shahis of Ahamadnagar - founder -
Malik Ahmad (1499)
 The Imadshahis of Berar - founder -Fateh Ulla
Imadshanti (1490)
 The Qutubshahi kingdom of Golconda - founder
- Qutabshah (1512)
 The Baridshahis of Bidar - founder - Amir Ali
Barid (1527).
Vijaya Nagara Empire
 The founders of Vijaya Nagar Empire were
Harihara and Bukka Rai, the revenue officers of
the Kakatiya ruler Pratap Rudra Deva II of
Warrangal.
 They founded the dynasty in 1336 with the capital
as Vijaya Nagara on the banks of Tungbhadra
river witht the help of Saint Vidyaranya.
 Vijayanagara kingdom lasted for 230 years and
produced four dynasties.
Sangama (1336 - 1485)
Saluva - (1485 - 1505)
Tuluva (1505 - 1565) and
Aravidu (1565 - 1672)
 Krishna Deva Raya (1509 -
1529) belonged to the
Tuluva dynasty. The Italian
traveller Nicolocont
visited his court.
 Krishnadeva Rayar is
known as ‘Andhra Bhoja’
 He wrote Ushaparinayam and Amuktamalyada
 Allasani Peddanna, a Telugu poet was a courtier
of Krishna Deva Raya. He is considered as the
‘‘Andra Kavita Pitamaha’’ the Grand Father of
Telugu poetry.
 ‘Ashtadiggajas’ was the famous Scholastic Assembly
in the court of Krishna Deva Raya.
 Vijayanagar Empire was visited by many foreign
travellers.
 Nicolo Conti - Venitian traveller, visited during
the reign of Devaraya I.
 Abdur Razzak : Ambassador of Sulthan
ShahRukh to the court of Devaraya II.
 Damingos Paes : He visited Krishna Devaraya’s
court.
 Ferona Nuniz : A Portuguese who visited during
Achyuta Raya’s reign.
 Durate Barbosa : A portuguese who visited
Krishnadeva Raya’s court.
 Athenasius Nikitin (1415) : He was a Russian,
who visited during Deva Raya I’s period He wrote,
‘Voyage to India’.
The Mughal Empire
 The Mughals were originally Turks.
 They belonged to the Chaghtai branch of the
Turkish race.
 Period of the Mughal empire is known as Second
Classical Age. First Classical Age is the period
Guptas.
 Mughal Empire is also known as Timurid Empire
because of its relation to Amir Timur.
 Mughal Emperors are 20 in number. They ruled
India from 1526 to 1857. Only six are considered
great They are:
 Zahiruddin Muhammed Babur (1526 - 1530)
 Naziruddin Mirza Muhammed Humayun (1530 -
40 & 1555 - 1556)
 Jalaluddin Muhammed Akbar - (1556 - 1605)
 Nuruddin Muhammed Jahangir (1605 - 1627) Krishnadeva Rayar
 Shahabuddin Muhammed Shah Jahan (1628 -
1658)
 Muhiyuddin Muhammed Aurangazeb Alamgir
(1658 - 1707)
Babur
 Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, was
the fifth descendant of Timur
on Father’s side and the fourteenth
descendant of
Chengizkhan on mothers side.
 Babur was born in Farghana in
Turkey on 14 Feb. 1483 as the
som of Umer Sheik Mirza ad
Qulik Nigarkhanum.
 Babur’s father Umershiek Mirza was the grand
son of Amir Timur and the ruler of Farghana.
 Babur became the ruler of Samarkhand at the Age
of 11.
 He captured Kabul in 1504.
 Then Babur attacked India 5 times for want of
wealth.
 Babur’s first Attack of India was in 1519 Bhera
was the first place captured by Babur.
 In 1524 Daulatkhan, Ibrahim Lodhi’s brother invited
Babur to India.
 On 21 April 1526 Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi,
the last Lodhi Sulthan in the First Battle of
Panipat.
 On 16 March 1527 he defeated Rana Sangha of
Mewar, in the Battle of Khanwa.
 The Rajputs in 1528 under Medini Raj of Malwa
fought against Babur in the Battle of Chanderi,
but were defeated.
 In 1529 the Afghans under Muhammed Lodhi
fought against Babur in the Battle of Ghaghra
but were defeated.
 In 1530 December 26, Babur died and was cremated
at Kabul.
 Babur was the first to use Artillery in India.
 His memoirs or autobiography ‘Tuzuk-i-Baburi
or Baburnamah was written in Turkish language,
Babur’s mothertongue.
 Babur said ‘I dont like India and Indians’.
 Babur was the first Mughal ruler to keep in hand
the Kohinur Diamond.
 Babur was a contemporary of Krishnadeva Raya
of Vijaya Nagara Empire.
Humayun
 Humayun was born in 1507 in Kabul as the son of
Babur and Mahim Sulthana.
 He became the Mughal Emperor
on 29 December 1530 at
the age of 23.
 He divided the empire among
his brothers - Askari, Hindal
and Kamran.
 The word ‘Humayun’ means
‘fortunate’ But Human is considered
as the most unfortunate Mughal ruler.
 Human was an accomplished mathematician and
astronomer.
 In 1539 by the Battle of Chausa, Humayun was
defeated for the first time by Shershah Suri.
 In the next year (1540) Shershah completely defeated
Humayun in the battle of Kanauj and
founded the Sur dynasty.
 After the lapse of 15 years Humayun re-captured
the Empire by defeating the last Sur ruler
Sikhandar Shah Suri by the battle of Sirhindh in
1555, July.
 After the restoration Humayun ruled for only six
months.
 The period from 1540 to 1555 is known as the
period of temporary eclipse of the Mughal.
 Humayun died by an accidental fall from the
straicase of his Library ‘Shermandal’ at the
Puranakwila in Delhi on 24 January 1556.
 The Purnakwila was constructed by Humayun but
its construction was completed by Shershah.
 Humayun’s biography Humayun Namah was written
by Humayun’s sister Gulbadan Begum. The
language used to write this biography was a mixture
of Turkish and Persian.
Babur
Humayun
 In 1533 Humayun built the city of Dinpana (world
refuge) in Delhi.
 Humayun’s tomb is situated in Delhi (first building
in India having double domes)
 Humayun tomb is known as predecessor of
Tajmahal, because Taj was modelled after this,
also known as a dormitory of the house of Timur.
Mirak Mirza Ghias is its architect.
Akbar the Great
 Father - Humayun
 Mother - Hamida Bhanu Begum
 Step mother - Magam Anaga
 Guardian - Bairam Khan
 First Guardian - Munim Khan
 Akbar was born at Amarkot in
Sindh in 23 Nov. 1542.
 He came to the throne on February 14, 1556 at the
age of 14 at Kalanur.
 Hemu the Hindu Prime Minister of Muhammed
Adilshah of Bihar occupied Agra and accepted
the title Maharaja Vikramaditya.
 Akbar killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Paniput
in 1556 November 2.
 Akbar became an independent ruler at the age of
18 in 1560, after dismissing Bairamkhan.
 Later he married Bairam Khans widow Salima
Begum.
 In 1561 he defeated the musician Sulthan of
Malwa - Baz Bahadur.
 In 1562 Akbar married Joda Bhai, the daughter of
Raja Bharmal of Amber
 In 1564, he abolished the religious tax Jaziya.
Jaziya was impossed for the first time by Firozshah
Tughlaq.
 In 1572 he captured Gujarat and in memory of that
he built a new capital city Fathepur sikri (city of
Victory) near Agra.
 The early name of Fathepur Sikri was city of Sikri.
 Buland Darwaza is the gate way of Fathepur Sikri,
built by Akbar.
 In 1575 Akbar constructed a prayer house in
Fathepur Sikri known as Ibadatkhana.
 In 1579 he issued the Infallibility Decree by which
he made himself the supreme head in religious
matters.
 In 1580 the first Jesuit missionaries arrived at the
court of Akbar.
 In 1585 Ralph Fitch the first English man to reach
India, reached Akbar’s court.
 Ralph Fitch is known as pioneer English man or
torch bearer Englishman.
 In 1582 Akbar founded a new religion for universal
peace and monotheism known as ‘Din Ilahi’
means Divine Faith.
 In 1583 he started a new Calendar called Ilahi
Calendar.
 In 1576 Akbar defeated Maharana Pratap of
Mewar in the battle of Haldighat. Haldighat is a
mountain pass in the Aravally hills in Rajasthan.
 The Portuguese introduced tobacco for the first
time in India in the court of Akbar in 1604.
 Akbar was the Mughal Emperor when the English
East India Company was being founded in
1600 December 31.
 Akbar died in 1605.
 His tomb is situated at Sikhandra near Agra.
 Akbar was an illiterate person, but he was a patron
of men of eminence. He maintained a Scholastic
Assembly in his court. They included the
following personalities.
 Abul Fazal : Akbar’s court historian who wrote
Akbar’s biographical works Ain-i-Akbari and
Akbar Namah..
 Abul Faizi : Persian poet and brother of Abul
Fazal. He translated Mahabharata into Persian in
name ‘Razam Namah’ and Bhaskaracharya’s
mathematical work Leelavati into Persian.
 Mian Tansen : His original name was Ram Thanu
Pande. He was the court Musician of Akbar. He
composed a Raga, Rajdarbari in honour of Akbar.
 Birbal : His real name was Mahesh Das. He is the
court jester of Akbar.
Akbar
 Raja Todarmal : RajaTodarmal was Akbar’s finance
or revenue minister. He formulated Akbar’s
revenue system Zabti and Dashala systems. Raja
Todermal also translated Bhagavatapurana into
Persian.
 Maharaja Mansing : Akbar’s military commander.
 Badauni : a historian who translated Ramayana
into Persian - Tarjuma -1-Ramayan.
 Tulasidas : Hindi poet who
wrote Ramacharitamanas.
 Akbar’s military system was
known as Mansabdari system,
which included Ranks from 10
- 7000
 Akbar was also responsible
for the introduction Persian as
the official language of
Mughals.
 He divided the Mughal Empire into 12 Subahs
(provinces) for the administrative conveniences.
 Akbar was also the first ruler to organise Hajj.
Pilgrimage at the government expense. The Port
Cambay in Gujarat is known as the ‘Gate way to
Mecca from Mughal India’.
 Akbar was an accomplished Sitar player.
 Mughal - Rajput friendly relation began during
the period of Akbar.
Jahangir
 Early name of Jahangir was Salim. Akbar called
him Sheika Baba.
 Jahangir came to the throne in
1605.
 Jahangir was the son of Akbar
and Jodabai.
 He married Mehrunnisa, an
Afghan widow in 1611 Later he
gave her the titles, Noor Mahal
(light of the palace) Noor Jahan (light of the world)
and Padusha Begum.
 In 1606 Jahangir executed fifth Sikh Guru Guru
Arjun Dev, because he helped Jahangir’s son
Prince Khusru to rebel against him.
 In 1609, Jahangir received William Hawkins, an
envoy of King James I of England, who reached
India to obtain trade concession.
 In 1615 Sir Thomas Roe reached the court of
Jahangir as the first ambassador of James I of
England in the court of Jahangir. As a result of
his efforts first English factory was established
at Surat in Gujarat.
 Period of Jahangir is considered as the Golden
Age of Mughal Painting. Jahangir himself was a
painter. Ustad Mansur and Abul Hassan were famous
painters in the court of Jahangir.
 Jahangir built Shalimar and Nishant Gardens in
Srinagar.
 Jahangir suspended a chain of Justice known as
Zndiri Adal infront of his court.
 Anarkali was Jahangair’s lover. Mughal-i-Asam
directed by K. Asif is a famous film which tells
the love story of Jahangir and Anarkali.
 Jahangir wrote his autobiography Tuzukh -i-
Jahangiri in Persian language.
 Jahangir died in 1627 and was cremated at
Shahdhara in Lahore.
Shah Jahan
 Shah Jahan was born on 5th January 1592 at
Lahore.
 His mother was Jagat Gosain
and his childhood name was
Khurram.
 He married Arjumand Benu
Begum, daughter of Asaf Khan,
brother of Noor Jahan. She later
came to be known as Mumtaz
Mahal which means beloved of the Palace.
 Shahjahan destroyed the Portuguese settlements
at Hoogly.
 Shah Jahan’s period is considered as the Golden
Age of Mughal Architecture and Shah Jahan is
known as the Prince of Builders.
 In 1631 he started the construction of Tajmahal
in memory of his wife and completed in 1653. It is
Tulasidas
Jahangir
Shah Jahan
situated on the banks of Yamuna river in Uttar
Pradesh. Utad Iza a Turkish/ Persian was its architect.
British administrator Furgurson called it
‘a love in marble’. Now Sulphur Dioxide, emitted
by oil refinaries in Madhura after mixing with moisture
in the atmosphere forms Sulphuric Acid and
damages the marble of Tajmahal.
 In 1638 Shah Jahan built his new capital Shah
Jahanabad in Delhi and shifted the capital from
Agra to there.
 In 1639 he started the construction of Red fort in
Delhi on the model of Agrafort built by Akbar. Its
construction was completed in 1648. The Diwani-
Am, Diwan-i-Khas and the Moti Masjid are situated
inside the Red fort. The Mothi Masjid in
Agra was constructed by ShahJahan.
 The INA Trial in 1945 was conducted at the Red
Fort.
 The Gateway of Redfort is the Lahore Gate. It is
here at the Lahore Gate that the Prime Minister of
India hoists the National Flag and addresses the
nation on the independence day.
 In 1656 ShahJahan constructed the Juma Masjid
in Delhi. It is the biggest masjid in India. First
masjid in India was constructed at Kodungallur
in Kerala (Cheraman Palli) in 644 AD by Malik Ibn
Dinar.
 Shah Jahan’s period is known as the Golden Age
of Mughal Empire.
 The Portuguese introduced European painting in
India during the reign of Shah Jahan
 In 1658 Shah Jahan was imprisoned by his son
Aurangazeb and he died in 1666, after eight years.
His daughter Jahan Ara was also kept in prison
along with him at the Agra fort.
 Shah Jahan’s son Dhara Shukoe was a famous
scholar. He translated Bhagavat Gita and Sixty
Upanishads into Persian. He also wrote a book
titled Mujm-ul-Behrain (Mingling of the Oceans)
He also translated Atharva Veda into Persian.
 ShahJahan was a famous Lyricist. He wrote Lyrics
in Hindi.
 The famous Peacock Throne was built by Shah
Jahan. It was abducted from here by Nadirsha in
1739 during his Indian invasion (Persian conqueror).
Now it is kept at the London Tower Museum,
Britain.
 French travellers Bernier and Tavernier and Italian
traveller Manucci visited India during
ShahJahan’s period.
Aurangazeb
 Aurangazeb imprisoned his father and made himself
the Padushah in 1658. But his actual coronation
was conducted in 1659.
 Alamgir was the name
adopted by Aurangazeb when
he became the Padusha.
 Aurangazeb is known as
‘Zinda Pir’ or living saint because
of his simple life.
 He banned music and dance.
 He ousted all the artists from
his court. At the same time he was an accomplished
Veena player.
 Aurangazeb was the last great Mughal Emperor.
 In 1675 he executed 9th Sikh Guru Guru Tej
Behadur because of his reluctance to accept Islam.
 Teg Behadur was executed at the Chandni Chauk.
 In 1679 Aurangzeb constructed the tomb of his
only wife Rubiad Daurani at Aurangabad in
Maharashtra. It is known as Bibi ka Makabara. It
is otherwise known as Mini Tajmahal as it was
the blind imitation of Tajmahal. In the same year
he reimpossed Jasya upon all the non Muslims,
which was earlier abolished by Akbar.
 Aurangazeb called Shivaji a ‘mountain rat’ and
gave him the title Raja because of his guerilla tactics.
 In 1660 he entrusted Shaisthakhan to defeat
Shivaji.
 Later in 1665 the treaty of Purandar was signed
between Maharaja Jaisingh of Amber and Shivaji
Jaisingh was deputed by Aurangazeb.
Aurangazeb
 The Mughal Rajput relation became worse during
the period of Aurangazeb.
 Aurangazeb was the only Mughal Emperor who
was not a drunkard.
 Aurangazeb is considered as religiously fanatic.
He was also a temple breaker. He persecuted the
Hindus and imposed prohibition against the free
exercise of Holi and Divali.
 Aurangazeb died in 1707 February 20,at
Ahmednagar. Aurangazeb’s tomb is situated at
Daulatabad in Maharashtra.
Later Mughals
 Bahadurshah I came to the throne after the death
of Aurangazeb. His real name was Muassam.
 In 1739 Nadirshah Quli the Persian conqueror
attacked India during the period of the Mughal
Emperor Muhammed Shah or Rustan Khan
(1719-1748) and took away ShahJahan’s famous
Peacock Throne and Kohinoor Diamond.
 Ahmedshah’s (1748 -1754) period saw the mighty
invasion of Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan.
 Akbar Shah II (1806 - 1837) conferred the title
‘‘Raja’’ upon Ram Mohan Roy.
 Bahadurshah II (837-1862) was
the last Mughal emperor. On
17th May 1857 Bahadurshah II
was declared the independent
Emperor of India by the Mutineers.
He was surrendered to
LtW.S.R. Hodson at Humayun’s
Tomb in Delhi. In 1859 he was
deported to Rangoon in December where he expired
on Nov. 7, 1862. The Tomb of Bahadurshah
II is in Pwin Manah, the capital of Myanmar.
 Bahadurshah II was also a famous Urdu Poet.
 Bahadurshah II was also known as Bahadurshah
Zafar Zafar means gifted poet.
Shershah Suri
 Shershah’s original name was Farid.
 He was born in Hissar Firosa.
 His father was Hassan Khan
 His family came to India from Afghanistan.
 He entered the service of Baharkhan Lohani of
Behar from whom received the title of Sherkhan,
for killing a lion single handed.
 Later he became a member of the Mughal court of
Babur.
 In 1539 by the battle of Chausa, Sherkhan defeated
Humayun for the first time and assumed
the name Shershah.
 Later in 1540 he completely defeated Humayun in
in the battle of Kanauj and founded the Sur dynasty.
 While directing the operations of his artillery at
Kalanjar against the ruler of Bundelkhand Raja
Kirat Singh, Shershah was seriously wounded by
a sudden fire from his own artillery and died on
May 22, 1545.
 Shershah constructed the Grand Trunk Road from
Sohargaon to Attock (Calcutta to Amritsar)
 He introduced the National Highway concept for
the first time in India.
 Now the Grand Trunk Road is known as Shershah
Suri Marg. Its part from Delhi to Amritsar is
known as National Highway -1.
 Grand Trunk Road is also known a ‘Long Walk’.
 He was the first ruler to introduce Silver Rupiya
(one rupiya was equal to 64 dams) and gold coin
Ashrafi.
 He built the Purana Qila in Delhi (its Construction
was started by Humayun) and his own
Mousoleum (Tomb) at Sasaram in Bihar.
 He also constructed the Khooni Darwaza (blood
stained gate) the gate way of Firozshah Kotla in
Delhi.
 Hindi poet Malik Muhammed Jayasi completed
his Padmavat, during his reign.
 His Revenue system was excellent and hence
Akbar’s administrative reforms were modelled after
him. He is regarded as the forerunner of Akbar.
 Shershah was succeeded by his son Islam Shah.
Bahadurshah II
 The last Sur ruler was Sikkandar Shah Sur. Who
was defeated by Humayun in 1555 by the battle
of Sirhindh.
The Marathas
 The first great leader of the Marathas was
Chatrapathi Shivaji.
 The Marathas became prominent in the later half
of the 17th century.
 Shivaji belonged to the Bhonsle clan of the
Marathas.
 Shaji Bhonsle and Jiga Bai were the Parents of
Shivaji.
 He was born in 1627 February
19 at the fort of Shivner near
Junnar.
 His father was a military commander
under the Nizam Shahi
rulers of Ahmedanagar and
later of Bijapur.
 Shivaji’s tutor was Dadaji Kondadev.
 Shivaji received the help of Malavi tribe to capture
the territories of Bijapur Sulthan.
 Torna was the first place captured by Shivaji in
1646.
 Shivaji came to conflict with the Mughals for the
first time in 1657, during the period of Shah Jahan.
 In 1659 Bijapur Sulthan Ali Adilshah sent Afzal
Khan to kill Shivaji. But he killed Afsal Khan.
 In 1660 Aurangazeb deputed his viceroy of
Deccan, Shaisthakhan to kill Shivaji.
 1665, Shivaji signed the treaty of Purandar with
Raja Jai Singh of Ambher, who was deputed by
Aurangazeb.
 In 1666 Shivaji visited Aurangazeb in his court at
Agra. But he and his son Sambaji were imprisoned
by Aurangazeb in the Jaipur Bhavan.
 On 16th June 1674 Shivaji crowned himself an
independent Hindu king became the Chatrapathi
and assumed the title ‘Haidavadhasmodharak’.
 Shivaji died in 1680 at the age of 53.
 Shahu became the Chatrapathi in 1708 and his
period witnessed the rise of Peshwaship.
 Balaji Vishwanath (1712 - 1720) Baji Rao (1720 -
40) Balaji BajiRao I (1740 - 61) and Madhav Rao I
(1761 - 1772) were the Peshwas who ruled
Maharashtra.
 Baji Rao popularised the idea of Hindu
Padpadshahi or Hindu Empire.
 Balaji Baji Rao’s period witnessed the Third Battle
of Panipat in 1761. In this battle Ahmed Shah
Abdali of Afghanistan defeated the Marathas.
 Madhava Rao was the last great Peshwa.
 Last Peshwa was Baji Rao II.
 Madhava Rao’s period witnessed the disintegration
of the Maratha power and the formation of independent
kingdoms - Holkarofindor, Bhonsle of
Nagpur, Sindhya of Gwalior and Gaekwad of Baroda.
 Shivaji’s Council of Ministers was known as
Ashtapradhan. They were Peshwa, Pandit Rao,
Sumant, Sachiva, Senapathi, Amatya, Mantri and
Nyayadhyaksha.
 Peshwa was the Maratha Chief Minister.
 Chaudh and Sardesh Mukhi were two special laxes
collected by the Marathas.
 The first Maratha war (1775 -82) Swai Madhav
Rao Vs Raghunath Rao with English support.
 Second Maratha war 1803 - 05.
 Third Maratha war 1816 - 19.
 The last great Soldier and statesman of Maratha
was Nana Phadavnis (1800)
 The Maratha script was called Modiscript.
 Peshwaship was abolished in 1818
 Baji Rao was the ablest of the Peshwas.
 Shivaji did not allow women in his military camp.
 The Marathas were equipped with an efficient
naval system under Shivaji.
Sikhism
 ‘Sikh’ is a sanskrit word which means ‘desciple’
 Sikh religion was founded by
GuruNanak.
 Guru Nanak was born was born
at Talwandi in Lahore, belonged
to the Khatri Caste (Mercantile
Community)
 Nanak called his creed as
Gurumat or Guru’s wisdom.
Shivaji
GuruNanak
 GuruNanak was born in 1469 and died in 1538.
 He was the first Guru of the Sikhs.
 Nanak preached only in Punjabi.
 Nanak nominated Guru Angad as his successor.
 Guru Angad introduced Gurumukhi Script. He
also compiled Guru Nanak’s biography Janam
Sakis.
 Langar or free community dining was also introduced
by Guru Angad.
 Third Sikh Guru was Amar Das. He started the
Manji system ie, branches for the propagation of
Sikhs. He made Guruship hereditory.
 Guru Ramdas was the fourth Sikh Guru. He
founded the city of Amritsar. The place for the
city was donated by Akbar.
 Under the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjun Dev,
Sikhism became an organised religion. He compiled
the ‘Adi Grandh’ the sacred book of the
Sikhs. He built a temple at Amritsar , (later the
Golden Temple) Har Mandir Sahib. He helped
Jahangir’s son Prince Khusru to rebel against the
Emperor So he was executed by Jahangir at Lahore
in 1606 AD.
 The sixth Guru Hargovind, created a Sikh army
and turned against Shah Jahan. He founded a
palace opposite to Harmandir Sahib known as
‘Akaltakt’. He also adopted the title Sacha
Padusha, which means true ruler. (the title was
not adopted by Teg Bahadur)
 Seventh Guru was Har Rai. He was succeeded
by Guru Harkishan. Har Kishan became the Guru
at the age of five, hence he is the youngest Sikh
Guru.
 The 10th and the last Guru, Govind Singh formed
the Khalsa or the Sikh brotherhood.
 He introduced ‘Panchkakar’ of Sikhism -ie Kesh
(long hair) Kanga (Comb) Kripan (Sword), Kachha
(Underwear) and Kara (Iron bangk)
 He introduced baptism and wanted every Sikh to
bear community surname ‘Singh’ or lion.
 His aim was the establishment of a Sikh State after
overthrowing the Mughals. In 1708 he was
killed by an Afghan.
 ‘Vichithra Natak’ is the autobiography of Guru
Govind Singh.
Sikh Guru
Guru Nanak .............................. 1469-1538
Guru Angad ........................... 1538 - 1552
Guru Amardas ........................ 1552 - 1574
Guru Ramdas .......................... 1574 - 1581
Guru Arjundev ....................... 1581 - 1606
Guru Hargovind ...................... 1606 - 1645
Guru Har Rai ........................... 1645 - 1661
Guru Har Kishan ....................... 1661-1664
Guru Teg Bahadur ..................... 1664-1675
Guru Govind Singh ................. 1675 - 1708
 Kartarpur Dabir is the root form of Guru Grandh
Sahib.
 Govind Singh proclaimed the Grandh Sahib as
the eternal Guru.
Renjith Singh (1780 - 1836)
 Renjith Singh became the ruler of Punjab in 1799.
 He assumed the title Maharaja
in 1801.
 The 1809 the British and Renjith
Singh made the Treaty of
Amritsar during the period of
Lord Minto
 In 1809 Shah Shuja the grandson
of Ahmedshah Abdali presented
the Kohinoor diamond to Ranjith Singh.
 Later Punjab was annexed to the British territories
by Lord Dalhousie in 1849. Sir John Lawrence
became the first Chief Commissioner of Punjab.
 The Sikhs fought two wars against the English
First Anglo-Sikh War (1845- 1846) and the Second
Anglo-Sikh war (1848 - 1849)
The Bhakti Movement
 Love and devotion to one personal God is the
basic concept of Bhakti.
 The Alvars or Vaishanava saints and Nayanars
or Saivite, saints became the promoters of Bhakti
movement in South India.
 Ramanuja, a Vaishana saint of 12th century AD,
was born at Sriperumbathur and founded philosophy
of Vishistadvaita or qualified monism.
Renjith Singh
 The leader of Bhakti movement or Hindu revivalism
was Sankaracharya. His philosophy was
Advaita or pure monism. He wrote Commentary
on Brahmasutra and Upanishad. He founded four
matts- Sringeri, Dwaraka, Puri and Badrinath.
 Vallabhacharya promoted the philosophy of
Pushtimarga. He was the founder of Sudhadvaita.
 The North India the Bakti movement was promoted
by two sects of thought - the Saguna and
Nirguna schools.
 Ramanand, born at Prayag preached
Vaishnavaism. He was a followers of Ramanuja.
 Kabir (1398 -1458) a nirguna was born near
Benaras. His followers started the ‘Kabirpanthis’.
 Tulasi Dasa (1532 - 1623) a worshipper of Rama
compossed Ramcharithamanasa in Hindi. His
other works are Kavitavali and Gitavali.
 Mirabai (1498 - 1509) a Rajaput princess hailed
from the Sisodiya dynasty of Chittoor was a devotee
of Lord Krishna. Her lyrics were written in
Brijbhasha and in Rajasthani.
 Jnanadeva, Namadeva, Eknatha Tukaram and
Samarth Ram Das were the leading Maratha
saints of Bhakti movement.
 Jnanadeva founded the Maharashtra Dharma. His
famous work ‘Jnaneswari’ is a commendarel on
Bhagavatgita.
 Ekanath promoted the custom of singing
Kirthana and he composed ‘abhangas’ or typical
poems.
 Tukaram a contemporary of Shivaji was the promoter
of Maratha nationalism.
 Samarth Ramdas, the spiritual guide of Shivaji,
wrote ‘Dasabhodha’.
Sufism
 Mythical movement of the Muslims was known
as Suficism.
 Sufi movement first came to India in the wake of
Muhammed Ghazni’s invasion in the 11th century.
 Sufi orders are called Silsilahs.
 Chishti Silsilah was founded by Khawaja
Moinuddin Chishti of Ajmir.
 Sufism declined in the 17th Century.
Famous Personalities in Medieval
India
 Al Masudi - An Arabian traveller who came to
India in 10th century AD.
 Al Beruni - He came to India with Muhammed
Ghazni, his book, Tahrik-ul-Hindh.
 Abbas Khan Shervani : He was a historian of
Shershahs time. He wrote Tarikh-1-Shershahi.
 Abul Fazal : He was a a great scholar poet Historian
in the court of Akbar. He wrote Akbarnamah
and Ain-i- Akbari.
 Bhaktiyar Khilji : Commander of Muhammed
Ghori who conquered Bengal and crushed the
Sena dynasty.
 Bhar Mal : He was the Rajput ruler of Amber. His
daughter Jodabai was married to Akbar. Akbars
commanders Bhangavandas and Mansingh were
his son and grandson respectively.
 Chathaniya : He popularised ‘Bhakti’ in Bengal.
He was worshipper of Krishna.
 Chand Bibi : She was the daughter of Nizam Shai
ruler of Ahmed Nagar and was married to the Adil
Shahi ruler of Bijapur. As a widow she fought
with Mughals to save her dynasty.
 Bairam Khan : He helped Akbar to defeat Hemu.
 Firadusi : famous poet in the court of Muhammed
Ghazni He wrote Shah Namah (The book of kings).
He is known as Indian Homer or Persian Homer.
 Ibn Batuta : He was an African (Morocco) who
visited the court of Muhammed bin Tughlaq and
wrote the book ‘Rihala’.
 Hasan Gangu - founder of Bahmani dynasty under
the name Alauddin Bahamanshah.
 Jai Chandra - He was the ruler of Kanauj, belonged
to the Gahawala dynasty. He was defeated
in 1194 by Muhammed Ghori in the battle of
Chandwar.
 Khawaja Moinuddin Chisti : He was a sufi saint
of 12th century who started the Chishtia sect at
Ajmir.
 Islam Shah : Second Sur ruler, son of Shersha He
codified the law and introduced an impartial system
of Justice.
 Lalitaditya of Karkota dynasty : He ruled over
Kashmir from 724 to 760. The famous Martand
Mandir temple was built by him.
 Malik Kafur : He was an army commander of
Alauddin Khilji - who conquered south India for
him. He was converted to Islam from Hinduism.
 Muhamed Gawan : He was a minister to the
Bahmani rulers.
 Malik Amber : He was a Syrian slave who could
became the Prime Minister of Ahmed Nagar. He
administered the State very well fought against
the Mughals and Marathas.
 Mirza Ghias Beg : He was the father of Nur Jahan
and received the title Etmatuddaula. His tomb is
in Agra.
 Murshid Quli Khan : He was an independent
ruler of Bengal, who founded the city of
Murshidabad.
 Rana Kumbha : He was a Rajput ruler of 15th
century He built a kirti Stambh at Chittar.